Nanoparticles can raise Mars ' temperature. They can also used to make high-power plasma in plasma rocket engines. In some plans, the Mars planet's atmosphere will filled with nanoparticles. Then mirror systems aim sunlight or some other EM radiation like microwaves into those particles. The temperature in those nanoparticles rises, and they can increase Mars' temperature to 5-10 degrees Celsius.
The thin atmosphere of Mars doesn't fit to breathe but the rise of temperature releases liquid water. And that helps the terraforming process. The first bacteria colonies that should create the atmosphere would be under the domes, which can protect them against cosmic radiation. The bacteria release the oxygen into the atmosphere using ventilation systems. But there are many things to do until people can live on a red planet without space suits.
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The laser thermal propulsion can also operate underwater. In that case, the system injects water into the chamber, and the laser turns it into plasma.
Nanoparticles can also used in pulsed plasma engines (Pulsed Plasma Thrusters, PPT) to expand the propellants.
The nanoparticles can improve the pulse-plasma engine power. In those systems, the microwaves or lasers raise the propellant temperature. Expanding propellant can push craft to move forward.
The pulse-plasma engine is a rocket engine that makes its thrust using plasma. In some visions, the microwave or laser systems heat the gas or a liquid propellant that travels through the combustion chamber. In some versions, the system can use nanoparticles like silicone to increase the power of the rocket system.
The EM radiation system will raise those nanoparticles' temperature, and then that system makes the propellant expand more effectively. The microwave- or laser- systems can be used to boil things like liquid hydrogen. And that can real way to for the NASA microwave engines. The microwave system just boils the liquid propellant. Which can be water or hydrogen. The fact is that microwave-operating rocket engines can use any liquid like hydrocarbons that it can boil.
Artist rendering of a futuristic submarine. (Picture source: Generated by AI) (Armyrecognition.com, China has reportedly made progress on a laser-powered submarine project.)
Submarines can also use rocket engines.
Chinese engineers are planning to make plasma propulsion systems for submarines. The plasma system that the Chinese developed uses pulsed plasma to push the submarine forward. The Chinese claim that they can develop fast stealthy submarines. The laser engine just expands water in the combustion chamber. Some people are critical of the stealth abilities of those plasma jet systems.
But the high-speed plasma can make some other thing possible. That thing is the submarine with the ultimate speed. In some visions, nuclear power submarines can use rocket engines underwater to make high-speed spurts using that kind of rocket engine system.
Those submarines would travel to operational areas very fast, and there they could turn to use the stealth cruise engines. If the submarine's rocket engines use chemical rockets, they can use hydrogen and oxygen that are separated by using electrolysis from seawater.
In some other versions, the rocket-engined submarine can use microwave systems to boil water in the reaction chamber. Then the rocket system lets that water flow backwards. This kind of microwave system that expands propellants is a safer and less complicated system than the use of chemical rockets.
https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2024/china-has-reportedly-made-progress-on-a-laser-powered-submarine-project
https://asiatimes.com/2024/04/china-closing-in-on-laser-propelled-fast-stealth-subs/
https://www.businessinsider.com/china-scientists-laser-propulsion-silent-superfast-submarines-flawed-laser-expert-2024-4
https://www.findlight.net/blog/laser-thermal-propulsion-for-a-rapid-transit-to-mars-mission/
https://futurism.com/the-byte/china-laser-submarine
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/laser-submarines-paradigm-change-us-navy-189572
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn4650
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster
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